French Expressions Using the Word Quelque

French Expressions Using the Word Quelque The French word quelque actually implies a few and is likewise utilized in numerous colloquial articulations. Figure out how to state in a short time, fairly, in a word, and more with this rundown of articulations with quelque. A few Jai quelques idà ©esI have some ideas.Jai quelque envie...I have some longing, I sort of need... About il y a quelque 10 ansabout 10 years agoquelque 5 000 voituresabout 5,000 vehicles Different Expressions quelque picked (pronoun)somethingquelquefois (adverb)sometimesquelque part (adverb)somewherequelquun (pronoun)someonequelques-uns, quelques-unes (pronoun)some, a couple of quelque distancesome separation fromen quelque sorteas it were, as it were, in a word, in a wayet quelquesand change, somewhat more thanCà ©tait 5 euros et quelquesIt was 5 euros and change.quelque autre thing, quelques autres plural nounsome otherY a-t-il quelque autre restaurant ?Is there some other restaurant?Jai quelques autres idà ©esI have some other ideasquelque picked de adjsomethingquelque picked dintã ©ressantsomething interestingquelque peusomewhat, rather, a bitquelque... quewhatever, whichever quelque prix que...At whatever value that...quelque tempssome timeattendre quelque tempsto hold up a little whiledans quelque tempsbefore longdepuis quelque tempsfor some time

Ideas for Teaching Life Skills in School

Thoughts for Teaching Life Skills in School Utilitarian fundamental abilities are aptitudes that we procure so as to carry on with a superior, all the more satisfying life. They empower us to exist joyfully in our families, and in the social orders where we are conceived. For progressively commonplace students, practical fundamental abilities areâ often coordinated at the objective of getting and keeping a line of work. Instances of normal practical fundamental abilities themes for educational plans are getting ready for prospective employee meet-ups, figuring out how to dress expertly, and how to decide everyday costs. Be that as it may, word related abilities are not by any means the only everyday issue aptitudes that can be educated in schools. Sorts of Life Skills The three significant fundamental abilities territories are day by day living, individual and social aptitudes, and word related abilities. Every day living abilities extend from cooking and cleaning to dealing with an individual spending plan. They are the aptitudes vital for supporting a family and running a family unit. Individual and social abilities help sustain the connections that understudies will have outside of school: in the working environment, in the network, and the connections they will have with themselves. Word related abilities, as talked about, are centered around finding and keeping business. Why Are Life Skills Important? The key component in the greater part of these educational programs is a progress, getting ready understudies to in the end become dependable youthful grown-ups. For the specialized curriculum understudy, change objectives might be increasingly unassuming, however these understudies likewise advantage from a fundamental abilities educational program maybe much more so than average students. 70-80% of impaired grown-ups are jobless in the wake of moving on from secondary school when with a head start, many can join the standard of society. The rundown beneath is expected to furnish educators with extraordinary programming thoughts to help duty and fundamental abilities preparing for all understudies. In the Classroom Help with bringing down or setting up announcement boards.Care for plants or pets.Organize materials, for example, pencils, books, colored pencils, etc.Hand out finished assignments.Distribute bulletins or other materials.Help with agendas for cash for excursions, food, or authorizations forms.Clean chalk-or whiteboards and brushes. In the Gym Help with any setup.Prepare the rec center space for assemblies.Help to keep the exercise centers extra space sorted out. All through the School Get and convey sound/visual gear to classrooms.Help in the library by returning books to racks and fixing harmed books.Wipe down PC screens and shut them down each day.Clean the PC consoles with marginally sodden paintbrushes.Distribute the participation records back to classes for the morning.Help keep the instructors relax clean. Help in the Office Carry mail and bulletins to the staff letter boxes or convey to every one of the classrooms.Help copy materials and check them into their heaps according to need.Collate copied materials.Alphabetize any records that need arranging. Supporting the Custodian Help with ordinary school support: clearing, floor cleaning, scooping, window cleaning, tidying, and any open air upkeep. For the Teacher Everybody needs fundamental abilities for day by day, individual working. In any case, a few understudies will require reiteration, repetition, audit and customary fortification to get effective. Dont take anything for granted.Teach, model, let the understudy attempt, bolster and strengthen the skill.Reinforcing might be required on each new day the kid plays out the ability required.Be patient, understanding and drive forward.

The Future Is Grim

The Future Is Grim There is much hullabaloo around campus here lately as everyone is buzzing with some exciting new information. Prof. Grimson, head of the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science department (or EECS for short (or 6 for shorter)) has been appointed as new Chancellor! This is no ordinary changing of the guard though, as Eric Grimson is no ordinary faculty member. He loves MIT, which is no small thing to say considering he knows what its like to be a student here (he got his PhD in Mathematics here in 1980, and presumably hasnt left his lab and doesnt know what year it is.) More than just being around here though, he has served on numerous committees and won countless awards for his excellence in teaching. Id be tempted to say Im a bit biased, as he was my 6.01 professor, but the nearly unanimous excitement around campus leads me to dismiss such temptation. The thing is, as you might infer from the awards and excitement, Prof. Grimson is a wonderful guy. Hes incredibly fair and reasonable, and he genuinely cares about his students and the culture at MIT. When I was taking 6.01, there was one day where I was hosed beyond belief and slept through my lab section. This was a fairly substantial crisis as a project was due to be turned in that day, as well as the lab work itself which was a non-trivial part of my grade. I sent Prof. Grimson an email explaining how my body wasnt listening when I told it we had to wake up for class, and asked if there was a way I could make up the lab section. I didnt have much hope for my cause, as it was explicitly stated in class that attendance in your lab section was mandatory with no excuses, but I had to try. To my nigh-infinite gratitude, Prof. Grimson sent me back an email saying he understood and would allow me to attend the Friday lab. This meant he personally had to open the class archives, remove me from my original lab section, and add me to the Friday section just for the day. After that, he had to move me back to my original section. Thats a lot of hassle for one student, and it wouldve been much easier for him to say Sorry Charlie, but hassle he suffered for my sleep deprived butt that week. Those of you who choose to come here in the future are truly lucky to have Grimson as your chancellor, and I, like everyone else, am excited that hell be mine while Im here. With all the praise, it shouldnt surprise you to hear that there have even been some Grimson-related fan art submissions, like this gem: or this, more MIT-ish form of art: yeah, Id say any man who can get hackers to pull a hack for him is a man worthy of MITs respect.

Analysis Of The Environmental Non Sustainability Of The...

Topic: An Analysis of the Environmental Non-Sustainability of the American Coal Industry Title of Book: Big Coal: The Dirty Secret Behind America s Energy Future Author: James Goodell Publisher: Houghton Mifflin Co., 2006. James Goodell is a long-time contributing columnist for Rolling Stone Magazine and the New York Times Magazine. Goodell’s main contributions are writing about environmental issues, such as industrial pollution, and the problem of long-term environmental sustainability. Goodell does meticulous research through interviews with coal miners, coal industry executives, and other participants in the chain-linked process of coal production and usage. In Big Coal, the overarching problem of CO2 emissions from†¦show more content†¦Part 2:Outline of the Book (150)Section 1: The Dig †¢ In Chapter 1: The Saudi Arabia of Coal, Goodell (2006) defines the coal mining industry as a foundation for the â€Å"life cycle† of coal mining and production in Gillette, Wyoming, the â€Å"Saudi Arabia† of coal production in the United States, 40% of American coal is produced in Wyoming’s Powder River basin (p.4). †¢ In Chapter 2: Coal Colonies, Goodell (2006) describes the poverty, corporate exploitation, and other difficulties of mining life under the Massey Energy Corporation in West Virginia. These coal mining â€Å"colonies† show the power of corporate dominance over miners, the local ecology, and coal production. †¢ In Chapter 3: Dogholes and Chapter 4: The Carbon Express, Goodall (2007) defines the â€Å"dirty† methods of coal mining and the environmental danger that coal mining brings to the ecology. More so, Goodell exposes the glamorous depiction of coal mining by corporate executives and politicians. Section 2: The Burn †¢ In Chapter 4: Infinite Needs, Goodell (2006) defines the historical rise of Thomas Edison’s coal powered electricity, which defined the demand for American coal mining, production, and usage: â€Å"Edison created a nation of electric junkies† (p.109). †¢ In Chapter 5: The Big Dirty, Goodell (2006) defines the rise of pollution as a historical development throughout the late 19th century and into the 20th century. CO2 had

History and Description of Transcendentalism

The term transcendentalism has sometimes been difficult for people to understand. Maybe you first learned about Transcendentalism, Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau in high school English class, but couldnt figure out what the central idea was that held all those authors and poets and philosophers together. If youre at this page because youre having difficulty, know that youre not alone. Heres what Ive learned about this subject. Transcendentalism in Context The Transcendentalists can be understood in one sense by their context—that is, by what they were rebelling against, what they saw as the current situation, and therefore as what they were trying to be different from. One way to look at the Transcendentalists is to see them as a generation of well-educated people who lived in the decades before the American Civil War and the national division that it both reflected and helped to create. These people, mostly New Englanders, mostly around Boston, were attempting to create a uniquely American body of literature. It was already decades since the Americans had won independence from England. Now, these people believed, it was time for literary independence. And so they deliberately went about creating literature, essays, novels, philosophy, poetry, and other writing that were clearly different from anything from England, France, Germany, or any other European nation. Another way to look at the Transcendentalists is to see them as a generation of people struggling to define spirituality and religion (our words, not necessarily theirs) in a way that took into account the new understandings their age made available. The new Biblical Criticism in Germany and elsewhere had been looking at the Christian and Jewish scriptures through the eyes of literary analysis and had raised questions for some about the old assumptions of religion. The Enlightenment had come to new rational conclusions about the natural world, mostly based on experimentation and logical thinking. The pendulum was swinging, and a more Romantic way of thinking—less rational, more intuitive, more in touch with the senses—was coming into vogue. Those new rational conclusions had raised important questions but were no longer enough. German philosopher Kant raised both questions and insights into the religious and philosophical thinking about reason and religion, and how one might root ethics in human experience and reason rather than divine commands. This new generation looked at the previous generations rebellions of the early 19th century Unitarians and Universalists against traditional Trinitarianism and against Calvinist predestinationarianism. This new generation decided that the revolutions had not gone far enough, and had stayed too much in the rational mode. Corpse-cold is what Emerson called the previous generation of rational religion. The spiritual hunger of the age that also gave rise to a new evangelical Christianity gave rise, in the educated centers in New England and around Boston, to an intuitive, experiential, passionate, more-than-just-rational perspective. God gave humankind the gift of intuition, the gift of insight, the gift of inspiration. Why waste such a gift? Added to all this, the scriptures of non-Western cultures were discovered in the West, translated, and published so that they were more widely available. The Harvard-educated Emerson and others began to read Hindu and Buddhist scriptures and examine their own religious assumptions against these scriptures. In their perspective, a loving God would not have led so much of humanity astray; there must be truth in these scriptures, too. Truth, if it agreed with an individuals intuition of truth, must be indeed truth. Transcendentalisms Birth and Evolution And so Transcendentalism was born. In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men. Yes, men, but women too. Most of the Transcendentalists became involved as well in social reform movements, especially anti-slavery and womens rights. (Abolitionism was the word used for the more radical branch of anti-slavery reformism; feminism was a word that was invented deliberately in France some decades later and was not, to my knowledge, found in the time of the Transcendentalists.) Why social reform, and why these issues in particular? The Transcendentalists, despite some remaining Euro-chauvinism in thinking that people with British and German backgrounds were more suited for freedom than others (see some of Theodore Parkers writings, for instance, for this sentiment), also believed that at the level of the human soul, all people had access to divine inspiration and sought and loved freedom and knowledge and truth. Thus, those institutions of society which fostered vast differences in the ability to be educated, to be self-directed, were institutions to be reformed. Women and African-descended slaves were human beings who deserved more ability to become educated, to fulfill their human potential (in a twentieth-century phrase), to be fully human. Men like Theodore Parker and Thomas Wentworth Higginson, who identified themselves as Transcendentalists, also worked for freedom of those who were enslaved  and for womens expanded rights. And, many women were active Transcendentalists. Margaret Fuller (philosopher and writer) and Elizabeth Palmer Peabody  (activist and influential bookstore owner) were at the center of the Transcendentalist movement.  Others, including novelist Louisa May Alcott and poet Emily Dickinson, were influenced by the movement.

Parental Attachment and the Development of Self-Compassion Free Essays

Parental Attachment and the Development of Self-Compassion The Positive Psychology movement focuses on identifying protective factors that promote wellbeing and protect people from the negative psychological effects related to life’s everyday challenges. Research increasingly supports self-compassion as a key component in positive mental health outcomes. However, very few studies have examined factors that lead to the development of self-compassion. We will write a custom essay sample on Parental Attachment and the Development of Self-Compassion or any similar topic only for you Order Now Attachment is known to contribute to the development of healthy social and emotional development (Sroufe, Egeland, Carlson, Collins, 2005). Theoretically, parental attachment should promote the development of self-compassion. Attachment is described as the socio-emotional bond between individuals (Wicks-Nelson Isreal, 2009). Healthy parental attachment develops in the first year of life through consistent, sensitive, and responsive parenting from a stable caregiver (Ainsworth, 1979; Barnas Cummings, 1994; Sroufe, 2005). The attachment relationship with a caregiver is an essential component in helping to form the foundation for healthy personality and functioning in society. For example, attachment is known to influence cognitive ability, development of conscience, coping skills, relationship skills, and the ability to handle perceived threats and negative emotions (Sroufe et al. , 2005; Wicks-Nelson Isreal, 2009). In a review of the Minnesota study, Sroufe (2005) highlights the importance of early attachment in the developmental course. The Minnesota study was a 30-year longitudinal developmental study, commencing in the 1970’s, which followed individuals from before birth until adulthood. The main purpose of the study was to evaluate the â€Å"major propositions of attachment theory† (Sroufe, 2005, p. 49). The primary goal of the study was to test Bowlby’s hypotheses that (1) quality of caregiver-infant attachment is influenced by the interaction history with the caregiver, (2) individual differences in personality can be explained by variations in the quality of early attachment, and (3) secure attachment is related to the develo pment of self-reliance, emotion regulation, and social competence. The quality of infant-caregiver attachment was assessed through observation at 12 and 18 months, using Ainsworth’s Strange Situation procedure. Many outcome variables, or patterns of behaviour, were extensively measured using various methods (questionnaires, observation, standardized testing, parental and teacher reports) at several ages including infancy, preschool years, childhood, adolescence, and emerging adulthood. During the preschool years outcomes such as self-regulation, curiosity, and effective entry into peer group were measured. In middle school, measures of real-world competence, loyal friendships, coordination of friendship, and group functioning were examined. During adolescence identity, intimacy, and self-reflection were assessed. The findings from the Minnesota study provided support for Bowlby’s hypotheses (Sroufe, 2005). First, it was demonstrated that secure attachment is directly related to a history of sensitive, emotionally engaged, and cooperative interaction with a caregiver. Also as Bowlby suggested, secure attachment predicted the development of self-reliance such that individuals who used their caregiver as a secure base to explore during infancy, were later more independent. Moreover, secure attachment predicted adaptive emotion regulation as demonstrated by securely attached individuals having more self-confidence, higher self-esteem, more ego-resiliency (ability to adjust), persistent and flexible coping strategies, and displaying affect appropriate to situations. Finally, strong links were found between secure attachment and measures of social competence from early childhood through adulthood. Individuals with secure attachment were assessed as significantly better on measures such as expectation of relationships, engagement with others, skill in interaction, empathy, and leadership qualities. Sroufe (2005) suggests these findings indicate the critical importance of attachment because it plays an initiating role in the pathways of development and is related to crucial developmental functions. Thus, attachment is associated with adaptive psychological development. One construct associated with positive mental health outcomes, and in consequence is likely to be engendered by attachment, is self-compassion. Self-compassion is a self-attitude that originates from Buddhist philosophy and has recently begun to appear in Western psychology research. Neff (2003a) has proposed that self-compassion plays an important role in psychological health and describes self-compassion as extending kindness and caring towards one’s self. As the term itself insinuates, self-compassion involves treating oneself with compassion, especially when experiencing negative feelings and events. Being compassionate towards oneself entails being able to forgive one’s perceived failures and shortcomings, accepting oneself as human and therefore as limited and not perfect, and also desiring wellbeing for oneself. Neff (2003a) conceptualized self-compassion as comprising three components: self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness. Self-kindness refers to extending kindness and understanding to oneself rather than being harshly self-critical and judgmental. Being less judgmental of oneself should also minimize judgment of others. Common humanity is the ability to view negative experiences and limitations as a shared aspect of the larger human experience, instead of seeing experiences as separating and isolating. Consequentially, common humanity also involves recognizing one’s equality with others, which prevents one from being self-centered. Finally, mindfulness requires clearly seeing and accepting one’s emotions as opposed to the tendency to exaggerate or become absorbed with one’s painful thoughts and feelings. These three elements are linked such that they each promote one another. Research has established and continues to support the benefits of self-compassion. Indeed, there is evidence that self-compassion is associated with emotional intelligence, intrinsic motivation, emotion focused coping strategies, and life satisfaction (Neff, 2003b; Neff, Hsieh, Dejitterat, 2005). Additionally, self-compassion protects persons from self-criticism, anxiety, and depression (Neff, 2003b; Neff, Kirkpatrick, Rude, 2007). Self-compassion also involves taking responsibility for one’s mistakes, and in turn being motivated to change maladaptive thoughts and behaviors (Neff, 2003a; Leary, Tate, Adams, Allen, Hancock, 2007). Furthermore, self-compassion, not self-esteem, accounts for the attenuation of people’s reactions to negative events (Leary et al. , 2007). Together these findings indicate the importance of self-compassion as it promotes adaptive psychological functioning while preventing negative outcomes. Self-compassion is also perceived to be distinct from and more beneficial than self-esteem (Leary et al. , 2007). Self-esteem refers to our overall attitude about ourselves (Baron et al, 2008), and has recently been criticized for inconsistently predicting positive outcomes. Although having high self-esteem is known to be related to such factors as positive self-feelings and motivation (Baumeister, Campbell, Krueger, Vohs, 2003), it has also been linked to narcissism, distortions in self-knowledge, increased prejudice and aggression (Baumeister et al. , 2003; Sinha Krueger, 1999). Self-compassion may be a better alternative to promote because it does not involve judgments about oneself or comparison with others as self-esteem does (Neff Vonk, 2009). Self-compassion leads to positive outcomes without the negative drawbacks associated with self-esteem (Neff, 2009). To date, only one study has demonstrated that maternal support and secure attachment predict higher levels of self-compassion (Neff McGeehee, in press). Neff and McGeehee (in press) examined the relationships between self-compassion and psychological wellbeing, cognitive, and family factors in a sample of high school and college students. Because adolescence is known to be a difficult emotional period involving the formation of one’s identity or sense of self (Arnett, 2007), the first goal of Neff and McGeehee’s study was to determine whether self-compassion promotes the same positive mental health outcomes in adolescence as those found in adulthood. Self-compassion was expected to be related to reports of higher levels of social connectedness and lower levels of anxiety and depression. As expected, the results demonstrated that self-compassion was strongly associated with low depression, low anxiety, and high feelings of connectedness. The second goal of Neff and McGeehee’s (in press) study was to explore factors that may contribute to adolescents’ development, or lack of development, of self-compassion. Self-compassion was hypothesized to be associated with maternal support, functional families, and secure internal working models of attachment. Self-report measures were used to assess self-compassion (Self-Compassion Scale), maternal support (maternal subscale of the Family Messages Measure), family functioning (Index of Family Relations), and attachment (The Relationship Questionnaire). The results show that adolescent’s self-compassion partially mediated the relationship between their reports of mental health and maternal support, family functioning, attachment style, and adolescent egocentrism, indicating that family factors can impact wellbeing through self-compassion. Additionally, individual differences in self-compassion were predicted by family factors. In particular, maternal support and secure attachment were positively correlated with self-compassion, whereas maternal criticism and insecure preoccupied and disorganized attachment styles were negatively associated with self-compassion. Unexpectedly, there was no relation found between the insecure dismissing attachment style and self-compassion. The results regarding attachment styles were interpreted using Bartholomew’s model of attachment styles (Bartholomew Horowitz, 1991). Bartholomew’s model (Bartholomew Horowitz, 1991) characterizes four different prototypic attachment styles of adolescence and adulthood, according to one’s views of the self (dependence dimension) and others (avoidance dimension) as either negative or positive. Secure attachment, corresponding with low dependency, low avoidance, and a positive view of both self and other, involves being trusting and comfortable with intimacy and autonomy. Having a secure sense of self-worth and trusting others to be supportive may have facilitated the development of self-compassion among adolescents in Neff and McGeehee’s (in press) study. Insecure preoccupied attachment corresponds with low avoidance, high dependence, a positive view of others, but a negative self-image, and is characterized by clinginess, jealousy, and being preoccupied with relationships. Insecure dismissing attachment is distinguished by low dependence, high avoidance, a positive view of the self, a negative view of others, and involves inflating self-worth, being counter dependent, and being dismissing of intimacy and the importance of relationships. Disorganized or fearful attachment involves distrust of others, social withdrawal, feelings of inadequacy, fear of intimacy, and corresponds with high avoidance, high dependency, and a negative view of both the self and others. The anxiousness about deserving care or not expecting support from others in relationships may hinder individuals with insecure attachment styles from developing self-compassion. Given the findings from Neff and McGeehee’s (in press) research, the characteristics of secure attachment should promote the development of self-compassion. Namely, a positive self-image may help form a sense of self-worth that should in turn lead to self-kindness. In addition, being able to trust others helps form a connection with others that may foster common humanity. Conversely, the characteristics of insecure attachment may impede the development of self-compassion. Doubting one’s worth and lacking trust in others suggest a lack of an emotional foundation necessary for self-compassionate thinking (Neff McGeehee, in press). Similarly, dependency on others to feel good about oneself may prevent the ability to accept oneself, which is a necessary feature of self-compassion (Neff McGeehee, in press). Futhermore, considering the relation of early attachment to positive developmental outcomes (Sroufe, 2005; Scroufe et al, 005), attachment conceivably contributes to the development of self-compassion. Attachment is important in initiating the development of adaptive psychological functioning (Sroufe, 2005; Scroufe et al, 2005). Self-compassion is a healthy self-attitude, which promotes positive mental health outcomes (Neff, 2009). Therefore, the development of a self-compassionate mindset should emanate from early attachment. Neff and McGeehee ’s (in press) findings are the first to establish a relationship between attachment and self-compassion. However, Neff and McGeehee’s (in press) study is limited in that it they did not examine how attachment promotes self-compassion, due to its cross-sectional and correlational design. The study was restricted to adolescents and young adults, and used self-report data rather than observational measures. As a result, only the status of the attachment relationship and level of self-compassion present in adolescence were assessed. Further research is necessary to investigate the role of parental attachment in the development of self-compassion. It is of crucial importance to identify the early factors and processes associated with attachment formation which could promote the development of self-compassion among children. Following this, there is also a need to create a measure for self-compassionate thinking and behaviour among children. Being self-compassionate may involve different thoughts and behaviours according to ones age or stage of development. In order investigate the development of self-compassion, it is essential to be able to recognize and measure self-compassion among children. Findings from such prospective research can be used to help encourage healthy attachment, perhaps through parent sensitivity training, and educate parents how to foster self-compassionate thinking and attitudes in their children. References Ainsworth, M. S. (1979). Infant-mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34, 932-937. Arnett, J. J. (2007). Adolescence and emerging adulthood: A cultural approach. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Bartholomew, K. , Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244. Baumeister, R. F. , Campbell, J. D. , Krueger, J. I. , Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier lifestyles? Psychological Science In The Public Interest, 4, 1-44. Barnas, M. V. , Cummings, E. M. (1994). Caregiver stability and toddler’s attachment-related behaviour towards caregivers in day care. Infant Behaviour Development, 17, 141-147. Baron R. A. , Branscombe, N. R. , Byrne, D. R. (2008). Social Psychology. Boston, MA: Pearson/Allyn and Bacon. Leary, M. R. , Tate, E. B. , Adams, C. E. , Allen, A. B. Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92, 887-904. Neff, K. D. (2003a). Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward. Self and Identity, 2, 85-101. Neff, K. D. (2003b). The development and validation of a scale to measure self-com passion. Self and Identity, 2, 223-250. Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52, 211-214. Neff, K. D. Hsieh, Y. , Dejitterat, K. (2005). Self-compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4, 263-287. Neff, K. D. , Kirkpatrick, K. L. , Rude, S. S. (2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41, 139 – 154. Neff, K. D. , McGeehee, P. (in press). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity. Neff, K. D. , Vonk, R. (2009). Self-compassion versus global self-esteem: Two different ways of relating to oneself. Journal of Personality, 77, 23 – 50. Sinha, R. R. , Krueger, J. (1998). Ideographic self-evaluation and bias. Journal of Research in Personality, 32, 131-155. Sroufe, L. A. (2005). Attachment and development: A prospective, longitudinal study from birth to adulthood. Attachment Human Development, 7, 349 – 367. Sroufe, L. A. , Egeland, B. , Carlson, E. A. , Collins, W. A. (2005). The development of the person: The Minnesota study of risk and adaptation from birth to adulthood. New York: Guildord Press. Wicks-Nelson, R. , Isreal, A. C. (2009). Abnormal Child and Adolescent Psychology. Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. How to cite Parental Attachment and the Development of Self-Compassion, Papers

National Vital Statistics Reports

Question: Give a brief discussion on roddy analysis and ganz analysis? Answer: Roddy Analysis The main purpose of this article is to develop a new method to determine the true strength of recommendation with help of the research evidence and expert opinion (Arias, Heron, Tejada-Vera, 2012). For this purpose a Delphi technique is used to produce 10 recommendations to determine the role of exercise therapy in osteoarthritis of the hip or knee and determine the strength of recommendation and grade each recommendation with basis of the two categories- category of evidence and strength of recommendation. In addition with this traditional process here a new method is applied, all the patients are asked to point out how strongly they give ratings to each recommendation. A 10 cm visual analogue scale is used to record the patients opinions. For all the patients the research question was how strongly they rated each recommendation (Minio, et al, 2011) . In the traditional approach strength of recommendation highly related with the category of evidence, therefore strength of recommend ation is dependent variable and category of evidence is independent variable (Hoyert, Xu, 2012). To overcome this problem this new method is developed. This new system of grade power of SOR is less controlled than the traditional methodology and offers the benefit of allowing SOR for measures which cannot be assess in RCTs for practical or moral reasons to upgrade according to expert view (Murphy, Xu Kochanek, 2013). What was the research question? Whether the new system is better to determine the true strength of recommendation What were the independent variables? What was the dependent variable? strength of recommendation is dependent variable and category of evidence is independent variable What was the sample size and how was it chosen? Some patients are asked to rated each recommendation What was the experimental design and use of control group? Here the experimental design is SOR-VAS. Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid? The instrument of measurement shown to be reliable and valid What data types were included? The data types are nominal or ordinal Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results. Here mean and standard deviation of vas score is calculated for each recommendation group, and ANOVA method is used to test whether there is difference among the group What were the researchers conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)? This new system of grade power of SOR is less controlled than the traditional methodology and offers the benefit of allowing SOR for measures which cannot be assess in RCTs for practical or moral reasons to upgrade according to expert view. How was error controlled? The error in the traditional SOR system is controlled in this new system by allowing the SOR to upgrade or downgrade with respect to the expert opinion relating generalizability, safety, common sense, and cost effectiveness Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what? There is a limitation in the new VAS-SOR system. This new system does not depend on explicit criteria, this system does not examined and assessed by external groups. Ganz Analysis Main purpose of this article is to compare the oral care practice with current evidence based practice of ICU nurses and determine whether EBP is related with personal demographic or professional characteristics (Kochanek, et al, 2012). For this purpose a sample of 218 ICU nurses are considered. A questionnaire is set up and the nurses are asked to answer those questions. This questionnaire consists of the questions regarding demographic and professional characteristics and a checklist of oral care and current evidence based practice. A descriptive statistics and frequency data is used to explain the sample of oral care practice (Hamilton, et al, 2013). And analysis variance method is used to test whether EBP is related with demographic or professional characteristics. After that Cronbachs alpha statistics is used to check the reliability of the test (Osterman, et al, 2015). After performing this procedure the researcher are concluded that though the ICU nurses consider oral care as a high level of priority, the evidence based performance level is relatively low. And EBP is not related with demographic and professional characteristics (Martin, et al, 2012). What was the research question? Comparison of oral care practice with current evidence based practice of ICU nurses and determine whether EBP is related with personal demographic or professional characteristics What were the independent variables? What was the dependent variable? Current evidence practice is dependent variable and personal demographic or professional characteristics are independent variables What was the sample size and how was it chosen? A sample of 218 ICU nurses are selected for this purpose What was the experimental design and use of control group? The experimental design is describe the oral care practices, then compare this oral care practices with current evidence based practices and test whether these practices are related with demographic or professional characteristics Were the instruments of measurement shown to be reliable and valid? Since the questionnaire is a checklist use of Cronbachs alpha for this tool was not appropriate. Cronbachs alpha is used to check the reliability of test. What data types were included? Some data are numerical and some are categorical Describe the statistics used, what they were used for, and the results. Descriptive statistics and data are used here. Also a analysis of variance method (ANOVA) is used to test the hypothesis What were the researchers conclusions? How did they answer the research question(s)? According to the researcher though the ICU nurses consider oral care as a high level of priority, the evidence based performance level is relatively low. And EBP is not related with demographic and professional characteristics How was error controlled? Error was controlled by calculating the Cronbachs alpha statistics for deleted item and after deletion if the value of the Cronbachs alpha increases then exclude the item from the list Did you see any concerns with the research study? If so, what? Among the ICU nurses no one could explain for oral care what assessment tool was used. Reference Martin, J. A., Hamilton, B. E., Ventura, S. J., Osterman, M. J., Wilson, E. C., Mathews, T. J. (2012). National vital statistics reports.National Vital Statistics Reports,61(1). Hamilton, B. E., Hoyert, D. L., Martin, J. A., Strobino, D. M., Guyer, B. (2013). Annual summary of vital statistics: 20102011.Pediatrics, peds-2012. Kochanek, K. D., Kirmeyer, S. E., Martin, J. A., Strobino, D. M., Guyer, B. (2012). Annual summary of vital statistics: 2009.Pediatrics, peds-2011. Osterman, M. J., Kochanek, K. D., MacDorman, M. F., Strobino, D. M., Guyer, B. (2015). Annual Summary of Vital Statistics: 20122013.Pediatrics, peds-2015. Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D. (2013). National vital statistics reports.National vital statistics reports,61(4). Hoyert, D. L., Xu, J. (2012). National vital statistics reports.National vital statistics reports,61(6). Minio, A. M., Murphy, S. L., Xu, J., Kochanek, K. D. (2011). National vital statistics reports.National Vital Statistics Reports,59(10). Arias, E., Heron, M., Tejada-Vera, B. (2012). National vital statistics reports.

Election 2000 Essays (1504 words) - Al Gore,

Election 2000 Election 2000 Abortion, gun control, and social security reform are issues that everyone has an opinion on. Including politicians. Despite the pressures to be en vogue and stay in the public favor, these issues require Ralph Nader, Al Gore and George Bush to take a stand. Abortion takes into account moral, as well as social concerns. And, the question of governments power in influencing or dictating policies that affect those concerns. Social security, is a serious aspect of a growing number of elderly persons, as well as young professionals daily realities, and their election decisions. Ask any working American, the monies being siphoned out of their weekly paychecks with the promise that itll be there for them when they are eligible, and they will tell you how serious they think it is. This topic also gives us the opportunity to see how well versed in economics the candidates are, or are not. Gun control is an issue on which everyone has an opinion. In this day in age where violence is not so far away from most communities, the question of whether people should have the right to bear arms is debated intensely. What our founding fathers had in mind when they wrote the constitution is a topic which puts our freedoms against public benefit. Abortion is an issue that is becoming a litmus test for office seekers these days with many women voters. To openly take a hard stance against abortion is to end a political career. As a congressman for Tennessee, Al Gore cast more votes against abortion and related policies. As he became a national figure he changed his position, and now claims he will do everything in his power to make sure Roe v. Wade does not get overturned. Now an advocate of a womans right to chose, he also opposes parental- notification laws and supports Medicaid funding of abortion! As the election near more people are reminded of the fact that two of the Supreme Court justices are retiring. Meaning new appointments could imbalance the court in favor of overturning Roe v. Wade. Al Gore has said he believes in a potential justices right to privacy, but that there are ways of assessing how they would interpret the constitution. And he feels that his appointments would uphold the landmark case. Governor Bush also would not hold appointees to a litmus test, but would make judicial appointment that are strict constructionists in their interpretation of the constitution. Governor Bush opposes partial- birth abortions, as does Al Gore. However George W. is in favor of parental-notification, with fines for failure to notify parent/guardian at least 48 hrs. prior to abortion. Also to ban tax money spent on abortions, with exceptions for sexual abuse or physicians advisement. Bush is supportive of pro-life amendments but says he wouldnt pursue them. Ralph Nader, the Green party candidate, has probably done the best at down playing this topic. He is pro-choice, but doesnt acknowledge that there is a threat to Roe v. Wade, saying itll never be overturned. And like Al Gore supports the FDAs decision to allow RU-486( abortion pill ), sighting its benefit that its preferable to surgical procedure. If the NRA could pick a candidate it would be Governor Bush. Although none of the hopefuls are in favor of more restrictions on handguns, he is the most consistent. Gore as a congressman was not opposed to them, but as Vice President changed tack completely. He is now in favor of cracking down on gun shows, banning junk guns( cheap guns used in many violent crimes ), limiting one gun to one person per month, and requiring manufacturers and retailers to report gun sales to state authority. The latter raising loud voices of right to privacy concerns. Other than that all sides are in agreement to ban assault weapons, large ammunition clips, and certain types of ammunition, such as armor piercing, high velocity, and cop killers. Ralph Nader has been advocating tougher laws against gun wielding criminals, stating in accord with Bush that the problem isnt with the law-abiding citizens that purchase guns. So we shouldnt make it harder for them. The point where Bush and Nader differ with Gore is precisely that. Gore would

Ocean city and Clearwater beach Essay Essays

Ocean city and Clearwater beach Essay Essays Ocean city and Clearwater beach Essay Essay Ocean city and Clearwater beach Essay Essay One of the great things about summer is traveling to the beaches. Over the past 10 old ages my household and I have had the pleasance of heading up to Ocean City Maryland on the eastern shore. The beach there is an first-class topographic point for the household to acquire together and have fun. The sand at Ocean City is an off white colour and warm to the touch and the H2O with its bluish green colour feels cool on your tegument. Ocean City has one of the largest boardwalks on the east seashore with its many stores. shops. and eating houses it attracts households from all around the universe. Ocean metropolis besides has a great amusement park for all the childs at bosom and for all the true small people. However. At times it does be given to acquire a spot crowed but that’s half the merriment of traveling to the beach the sights. sounds. the odors. and the many different types of people all basking themselves. A few old ages ago we did go on to alter up a spot and headed down to Clearwater Florida for a short holiday the beach in Clearwater is besides a really nice beach the sand there is a pure white colour and feels so cool on your pess as you walk upon it. and the H2O is a really clean clear visible radiation blue. and really warm as you wad though it. You can even see your pess as little fish move around you Clearwater beach doesn’t have a boardwalk. but it does hold the many eating houses and stores to see. I did notice that Clearwater beach seems to be more geared to the immature professional type people. There isn’t an amusement park for the childs and it didn’t seem like many households were at that place. The clip that I spent there it neer seemed to acquire crowded at all. but that was all right because it was loosen uping and a nice alteration of gait. I would urge both beaches to anyone that wants to acquire off for a good clip. good people and a alteration of the norm.

Winterbourne View Hospital Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Winterbourne View Hospital - Essay Example On 12th of May 2011, the South Gloucestershire Council got a forwarded letter, which was addressed to the Castlebeck Ltd. The letter had been originally delivered by means of hand to the Wiltshire County Council. The letter, which consisted of five pages and was updated, came from a certain BBC Panorama Programme’s producer (Department of Health 2012). It had allegations that some patients at the Winterbourne View Hospital were subjected to abuse, and this included the patients from Wiltshire, who was within the Winterbourne Hospital. Wiltshire County Council, upon the reception of the letter, forwarded it to the South Gloucestershire Council since Winterbourne was within the location of the council. The prime purpose of the forwarded letter to the Castlebeck Ltd was to illustrate defined examples to the company on how the patients were being subjected to systematic mistreatment by the staff. The main concerns of the letter was the staff’s abusive treatment of patients, the staff’s motivation in the utilization of illegal and dangerous methods of restraint, the pointless suffering of Winterbourne’s patients, the care philosophy abused by some members of staff, the practice of water-based method of punishment, and the professional boundaries transgression (Emerson, E., Robertson, J., Hatton, C., Knapp, M., Walsh, P. and Hallam, A. 2005). Therefore, following the Winterbourne case, the Mental Health Act and the Human Rights, in general, have a big part to play. The Mental Health Act of 1983 was subjected to an amendment in 2007 and is a law in Wales and England that allows for admission to hospital for individuals experiencing a mental disorder.  Ã‚  

Smmary 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Smmary 5 - Essay Example Researchers evaluated DNA methylation patterns of patients who were in various stages of lung adenocarcinoma. The study identified various significant DNA methylated genes of 72 in Stage I, 93 in Stage II, and 170 in Stage III. There were a set of 34 DNA methylated genes that were significant. The results showed a pattern of epigenetics throughout all stages and when analyzing the pathways, there was a correlation of the signaling and metabolic pathways of lung adenocarcinoma and epigenetics. Within this study, it was concluded that through the integration of epigenetic information of genes can be used to understand diseases and also to identify them. This could mean that the progression of cancer is also associated with genetic mutations. Epigenetic genes could play a major role in how cancer develops and the spread of it. This article discusses epigenetics and it relates closely to the article â€Å"Conserved Epigenomic Signals in Mice and Humans Reveal Immune Basis of Alzheimer’s Disease† (2015). Though the disease is different, it still shows that there is a correlation between epigenetics and possible diseases for which genes are already coded to cause these diseases. Also in this article, while research was conducted on mice, transcription and epigenetic changes were recorded while the animal was in different stages of the disease. The information that was presented fits with some of the information from prior readings because there seems to be an evident mutation that is functional within the genes which allows for researchers to predetermine whether or not a human’s DNA might be coded to have these diseases. It is fascinating to learn more about how it is possible that finding these mutated genes could possibly lead to the treatment of these various diseases in the future. It also makes one curious if all human cells are already coded through mutations and variations to see if someone is predisposed to also having certain

Drum And Bass History In Context Film Studies Essay

Drum And Bass History In Context Film Studies Essay Drum and Bass is an electronic music genre that that developed out of Jungle music. A shift of UK Breakbeat Hardcore and the rave scene of the mid-1990s. Drum and Bass has seen many transformations in its style, taking elements from, Hip hop, dancehall, funk, house, and techno. The genre is characterized by heavy bass and sub basslines as well as fast Breakbeats (a sampling of a percussion section as a drum loop), usually played between 160 and 180 beats per minute.The most renown break is known as the Amen break, a four bar sampled drum solo of the song Amen Brother by funk and soul band The Winstons. It has been extensively used in Hip hop as well as sampled based music and also became the basis for Drum and Bass and Jungle music. Drum and Bass was seen to have a more melodic form, differing from the rough style of Jungle. While Jungle seared to the unyielding sonic boom of Ragga another style was gently maturing behind closed studio doors. A soft more textural form of the Jungle equation which cross- matched spliced breaks with an ethereal ambience, cool jazziness and soulful twists. The complete antithesis to the jump up sonics of the rugged and raw Junglist soundtrack, this new home listening version or Drum and Bass as it was simply referred to by artists involved. However promoters and journalists soon added the word, ambient or intelligent to the depiction. The insinuations of the intelligent label caused ramifications throughout the scene. With Junglists arguing that the name implied that the jump up style of jungle was in some way brainless music for dim-witted people. It also had racial implications since the majority of jungle raves were largely dominated by black youths. However this new genre was t hought to be targeted towards a more middle class white audience. Ironically Drum n Bass was simply trying to keep the original ethos of jungle. Concerned with pushing the parameters of sound while engaging influences from the entire spectrum of music, Drum n Bass represented the very spirit of jungle since its earliest house incarnations.  [1]   Drum and Bass development of Breakbeat can be seen as far back as 1991. As T-Power has already suggested, Drum n Bass and Jungle were developing side by sideall along, although very much in the minority, the more mellow style of Drum n Bass was showing itself even during the Dark period.  [2]   One of the better known DJs to explore this development was L. T. J. Bukem. Alongside Fabio and Grooverider Bukem is known as one of the pioneering DJs of the rave scene. His tastes can be traced as far back as the jazzier endeavours of Giles Petersons Dingwall sessions. However by the time rave had hit Bukem was Djing a rare selection of Jazz Funk and prime House tracks to a growing mass of fans. In 1991 Bukem released his 3rd LP Demons Theme pressing up a dub plate to drop in his set; the track gripped the attention of the crowd immediately. Its mellowing vibes along with the rushing breaks and plush ambience created a fresh outlook within the dark ambience of rave. Early 1994 saw a tirade of people coming together to join forces with Bukem. Artists such as La Bello Blanco and Omni Trio began push forward the smooth vibes as established by Bukem. This more ambient style seemed equally at home in clubs as it did on a personal stereo. One of the scenes most influential labels came in the shape of Reinforced Records. Formed by Iain Barouille, Dego McFarlane, Gus Lawrence and Mark Clair who also created music as a collective under the name 4Hero, the label brought about a new level of sound. Boasting a roster of the scenes most influential figures Lemon D, Doc Scott, Goldie, L Double and Grooverider, together they fashioned a collection of tracks which would range from the other-worldly contortions of Peshays Protà ©gà © to the fractured Breakbeats of Doc Scotts Last Action hero.  [3]  Reinforceds approach to music resulted in a continuous ability to predict the next sonic development in Breakbeat science. This display of sound shifts of the future would redefine the Drum and Bass scene. By June 1994 4 hero unleashed their debut album Parallel Universe this was to be a cutting-edge. Dabbling with experimental Jazz, the album draw upon b-boy roots whilst incorporating strings, layered with clear-cut breaks. The album helped to coin a term which exposed the scenes incessant attraction with Jazz. Jazzstep becoming ever more prevalent towards the end of 1994 saw complex Breakbeat structures sounding increasingly similar to the rhythms of Jazz Fusion bands. The adoption of Jazzier vibes by Reinforced Records created a stir at the epicentre of the Drum and Bass scene. Artists such as Fabio would take very opportunity to weave together the jazzier tracks with his Breakbeat sets. Now with the arrival of this new Jazz element within Drum and Bass sound. However for fans of Drum and Bass this new sound could only be enjoyed via the experimental shows of pirate radio stations. This was until October of 1994, Fabio, Bukem, Kemistry and Storm along with an assortment of guests saw a creation of a Monday night session at Mars Bar in Londons west end. The night was proclaimed Speed, it was to become one of the countrys most important club nights. It not only gave a meeting place for likeminded Djs and producers it was also to be the new creative centre of Drum and Bass. However this particular night was far flung from the raging crowds of the old Jungle raves which often saw gatherings of up to 5000 people. Mars bar only had a capacity of a few hundred, paving the way for a whole new generation of Drum and Bass heads, Jungalists and Breakbeat enthusiasts. These were people who listened to Drum and Bass through pirate stations. Indeed Speed was to Drum and Bass what Roast had been to Jungle and Rage to Hardcore. Each week saw Fabio play their smooth and rolling breaks, Bukem on the oceanic tip, washing the crowd with lush string drive epics while Fabio took he vibe deeper into Jazz land. Intricate beats intertwined with strolling bass lines, counter tempos and off key refrains. Speed also saw the clothing style move away from the flesh-revealing lycra and designer casual chic. In its place was a style more in line with hiphop. 1995 finally saw the sound come to the forefront. As this new melodic style of Drum and Bass progressed it became progressively more supported by the media. That years Goldies Inner City Life had been released to universal acclaim, suddenly everyone wanted a piece of Drum and Bass. Some definitions Ambient jungle  Drum and bass tracks with an atmospheric feel/mood/style to them. Some have long intros or ambient breaks. The most popular example is  Bukems Horizons. Artcore / Intelligent  These were the tracks that were initially written in a backlash against the big ragga jungle scene. The term was used most famously for the series of React Compilations, which have included mixes by  Kemistry  andStorm. This was and still is a favourite style for  Good Looking Records   a label that was initially ignored as it did not base its music on the dancefloor. Darkside  The exact opposite to the optimistic and catchy hardcore anthems. Darkside takes in samples from horror movies, deep, dark basslines and screams. Has undergone some serious developements but an ever-present style throughout drum and bass history. Still popular with todays producers i.e.  Blue Sonics   Devil Inside. It is not so much characterised by the samples now but more by the general sound and feel of the beats and synths. Happy hardcore  This is what remains of the original hardcore style, after jungle split off in 1991/92 some DJs and ravers remained loyal to the manic pianos, cartoon samples and sped-up vocals. The music self-destructed to some extent by becoming stagnated and too repetitive, as a result it would appear to be fading fast in the UK but still retains a large following in other countries. Hardstep  A term borne out of Grooveriders seminal 1995 LP Hardstep Selection. Usually simple tracks with deep grinding basslines and minimal or simple Breakbeats. Jazzstep Another sub-genre for those artists who took in jazz influences for their productions. Originated with Alex Reece  but more recently publicised by Bristols  Roni Size Reprazent  and  4 Hero. Still a style going strong. Jump-up  The style for the dancefloor. Big, bad drums and strong basslines. Often utilise vocal samples so once you hear some tracks you never forget them. Most at home in a club or event and guaranteed to get people moving (even if its only head-nodding.) Ragga-jungle  The style of the originators. Many of the early jungle tunes took in ragga influences spawned one of jungles greatest chart successes: M-Beat feat. General LevysIncredible  and Shy FXs  Original Nuttah. The influence has died right down with the  Tribe Of Issachars Tribal Natty being a lone example of recent years.

Maru versus Moleka in Evoking the Sympathy of the Reader Essay

Maru and Moleka are two men of many similarities but also of vast differences. Maru and Moleka both lived in a small village, Dilepe, in Botswana. At first it seems like Maru and Moleka are inseparable, but the arrival of Margaret Cadmore clearly outlines the differences between the two men. Maru and Moleka are both leaders of men and have enormous influence over the people they come into contact with. This is stated on page one, where Bessie Head asks the rhetorical question ?who else is born the leader of men.., referring to Maru. Both men have incredible power for better or worse, and were able to destroy their friendship by their selfishness. Both decided on what to do, and took no consideration of what might be best for the other. With the arrival of the Masarwa, both parties? main goal was to win Margaret, and therefore the great friendship was at risk. Moleka is an energetic character and does things with enormous spirit and power. Maru though, never has any energy outbursts. He is a gentle, quiet, unchanging and loving person. This is shown on page twenty three, where Dikeledi compares Maru to Moleka. She calls Maru a God in his kindness towards people, unlike that swine.? That swine refers to Moleka, who seldom shows any kindness. People always know where they stand with Maru. He is, unlike Moleka, predictable and peaceful, but forceful. His unchanging personality and complete character is very independent and he knows exactly what he wants. Moleka, in contrast, has an incomplete personality. With the arrival of Margaret it seems to change and ?complete itself?. Although Moleka does not win Margaret, he does settle down with Dikeledi, and I would think that he becomes happy. Moleka is complex... ...ka showed his love in several ways. One of them is when he dined with all his Masarwa servants to show that they were not inferior. He also walked outside of the village pondering on what to do about this one woman. This showed his love, as he was the type of person who was only involved with women to sleep with them. Moleka supplied Margaret with a bed which Maru ruthlessly took away, but Maru, although he made her life uncomfortable, walked away the victor. Maru and Moleka were very similar before the arrival of Margaret. They lived in the same community and shared their interests and activities. With the Masarwa?s arrival came a titanic personality clash. Their differences started to grow, and new cracks appeared and grew, until their friendship collapsed. In the end Moleka changed, the friendship was shattered and Maru married the friendship?s doom.

Political Efficacy Essay

FACT: No Black person has ever been elected as president of the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   United States of America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   FACT: In spite of Blacks’ considerable population in America, very   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   few Black Representatives are elected; if elected, they still   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   remain in low positions in the government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These concepts remain to be unsolved puzzles that need deeper attention. These lead me to do a research regarding the present situation of Blacks in their political system and their way of thinking and behaving with regards to political matters that concerns them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper focuses mainly on how the issue on political efficacy among Blacks largely affects the views of people around the world. The paper aims to answer the major question: What major factors affect trends and even inconsistency in political efficacy among Blacks?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Based on my research, there are six major causes on why Blacks have very low political efficacy compared to non-Blacks, namely: segregation, political cynicism, socio-economic status, and awareness of inequality.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These issues among Blacks concern us all. We can recall that Blacks have been a great part of world history and have major contributions on the world’s culture. The Blacks are the representation of almost all the other races in the world. My point is, in our world today, the mirror of reality shows us the two divisions of the world: the Whites, and the rest of the world. What is happening to the Blacks in almost all terms of their lives is happening to the ‘rest of the world’. Despite of their great number compared to Whites, the Whites still out-numbered them in terms of political, economical, educational, social, and all other rights. This research on political efficacy can fill or clear the gap primarily between the Whites and the Blacks. This paper will present the effects of the factors of political efficacy (segregation, socio-economic status, etc.) on the Blacks so that when there comes a time that the government will make policies, they know how these policies may affect the Blacks. The paper will also focus on the involvement and behavior of non-Blacks that might affect or is already affecting Blacks’ behavior and concerns in politics. LITERATURE REVIEW   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scholars even from the past have been interested in studying political behaviors of the Blacks. One of the primary reasons of their interest might be the paradox on the large population but low political efficacy among Blacks. â€Å"Sense of political efficacy, according to Campbell, is the feeling that individual political action does have, or can have an impact upon political process.† Political efficacy as a whole is about â€Å"the impact of the individual citizen: the citizen affects political and social processes through elections, lobbying and other way of influencing political actors who in turn are expected to be responsive to the citizens’ interests and implement policy through their work and decisions effectively.† (Schneider 2006, p.1) Scholars construct several theories regarding political efficacy and conduct vast number of researches such as interviews, surveys, and observations. They even consult differ ent books, magazines and journal publications about political efficacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Scholars present theories and go deeper to finding about the patterns, cause, behavioral conditions, internal and external factors that might be the key to explaining the issues on political efficacy among Blacks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Ananat and Washington pointed that segregation has a negative impact on Black political efficacy. The more segregated the metro areas are, the less likely that its residents are represented in the United States House by an individual who is from the Democratic Party or who votes in accordance with the desires of Black residents on civil rights and other issues. â€Å"We do however find evidence that in more segregated areas, non-Blacks are more likely to hold negative views of Blacks and of the policies that aid Blacks†¦. As Blacks are a minority of the population, in all metro areas, this polarization could explain the finding that Black civic efficacy is decreasing in segregation.† (Ananat and Washington 2006, p.4)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Poverty and resultant environment of deprivation were the driving factors in low levels of political efficacy (Woodly p.2). Ananat and Washington also agree when they stated that lower income subgroups are less likely to vote. They even mention that Blacks in more segregated metropolitan areas are fare worse than their counterparts in less segregated areas on a variety of economic outcomes (2006 p.20 & 26).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Schley, R. Lyons, political cynicism is the belief that the government officials and authorities cannot be trusted. At all political levels of education, Black youth felt less politically efficacious and were more cynical than white youth. This has been remarkably constant across time and region.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Woodly argues that because of Blacks’ awareness of inequality, they are both less politically trusting and less politically efficacious. (Woodly p.27) The Clark tests found that Black children were more ambivalent about the racial identities than White and they identify themselves more closely with Whites. (Woodly p.11) This statement alone will show that Blacks tend to lose trust in the government on whether they will be given equal rights like the Whites as they give out their votes. These doubts will prove the unwillingness of the Blacks to vote. In this era of globalization, the media takes part in almost all the events that concerns the people’s view on everyday news and issues. Robinson (1976) argues that increase viewing of television programs increases the frustration with the political system and cynicism. Similarly, media use might also reduce the feeling of control held by the political institutions over the world. (Schneider 2006 p. 3)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   From all these sources that I have gathered, I have observed one inconsistency in the work of Ananat and Washington. They stated that the more segregated Blacks are the more contact they have with other Blacks and the more likely they are to be able to influence Black political behavior. However, they also mention a contradicting statement that segregation decreases Black voter turnout and/or increases non-Black voter turnout resulting in a decrease in Black civic efficacy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The problem with some writers is they did not consider the other factors that may have an effect on political efficacy of Blacks such as history, religious beliefs and family or tribes traditions. There are also statements and even researches that are not very much relevant to the topic. The purpose of this paper is to summarize the points of the authors in the different works related to my topic for us to view the bigger picture. THEORIES AND HYPOTHESES Factors of Political Efficacy in Blacks   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the effort of explaining the present situation and behavior of political efficacy among Blacks, we first explain some concepts that I have crossed referenced from a number of literatures and arguments that tackles the same concept of political efficacy (as given in the review of literature). And from these sources, I have derived these following certain points and factors wherein I believe political efficacy among Blacks can be further explained and in these factors I have given closer attention and consideration. Racial Segregation. In this study of political efficacy in Blacks, it is impossible not to consider the status and limitations of interactions of Blacks with other races; which gives the concept of segregation or racial segregation. Racial segregation is quite different from racial discrimination; the latter being ranging from individual actions to enforced discriminatory behavior. Racial segregation is typically the spatial and institutional separation of races; as exemplified by separate neighborhoods, attending different schools and receiving different social services (Wikipedia). Economic Status. Although economic status have numerous meanings and measures, its use and meaning will be in accordance with the context of income. In this study, we use poverty rates as the general measure of economic status; a measure that can be easily quantified and compared in the process of analysis. Political Cynicism. Literally, cynicism is the belief of using self-interest as the main motive of behavior (Wikipedia). In the political context, political cynicism can be defined as the belief that government officials and authorities can not be trusted (Woodly, p. 2). From this definition, we can plainly use political cynicism as a measure of external political inefficacy as suggested by opposition of the government and its policies. Self-esteem. In its common term, can literally and plainly mean trust to one’s self. In the context of this study, self-esteem will be constantly interrelated with self-efficacy and political efficacy as well. However, this does not mean that self efficacy and self-esteem are the same; it may even mean the opposite at times. Woody even supports the difference between the two and limited self-efficacy as the sense of competence or personal control of one’s self (Woody, p. 13). Institutional Inequality. Because this study is about the behavior of a certain race or identity, it can not be helped that certain clashes and conflicts are met in between this race and the environment. As we study the behavior of Blacks, we will also consider their interactions with the non-Blacks. Institutional inequality can be referred to as the dominance of non-Blacks over Blacks considering the imbalance in number of representations and policies in the government and other institutions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Black Political Efficacy as a Whole   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the comparative works done in understanding the political efficacy on blacks in its current context, this paper addresses the matter as a byproduct and interrelation of numerous factors and events and not just a simple cause and effect phenomena.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although rigorous studies and measures were made in trying to explain black political efficacy as a whole, we now try to get a bigger picture by compiling these works and adding new factors into the matter such as the social events that may have affected the present situation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As earlier discussed in this study, numerous inconsistencies and non-correlation of factors have been observed and given much attention. This includes the inconsistencies on segregation (of Blacks and Whites) and the matter itself of political efficacy in the work of Ananat and Washington(2006).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the work of Ananat and Washington (2006), it has been stated that the more blacks have contact with each other, the more likely they will influence political behavior (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 3). But then again, she then deduced that segregation or groupings of Blacks causes political inefficacy as prescribed by their voter-turnout (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). Judging these statements, we now turn on the assumption that there is a different driving factor that correlates segregation and political efficacy among Blacks. Having these views, we now look at another concept – political cynicism among Blacks. Although there may be relations between political cynicism and segregation, the relation is very vague. In another study (Woodly), political efficacy among Blacks was found to be quite varied among communities, may it be segregated from Whites or not. Having established the contrast between the two (segregation and political cynicism), political cynicism and Black political efficacy can now be correlated independent of segregation. Just form the definition itself of political cynicism; it is no longer a question that cynicism significantly correlates with low political efficacy; more particularly with external political efficacy. We can now eliminate segregation and p[political efficacy and take a much closer look at cynicism in further understanding this subject.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Although segregation’s direct link with political efficacy has been disproven, we now look upon how it indirectly affects efficacy by being a variable in other considerable factors. In the same study between segregation and efficacy (Ananat and Washington 2006), economic status; as measured by rates of poverty; was tackled as it varies in segregated and non-segregated areas. To see the point of comparisons between segregation and economic status, we must first see how economic status and political efficacy relates to each other. Through additional studies, it was significantly concluded that political efficacy among Blacks decreases in communities of high poverty rates. These are supported by reports that lower income sub-groups are less likely to vote (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). This exemplifies that Blacks loses trust and hope in the political issues, government policies, and even in the government itself when they are in low income status. We now establish the trend that as economic status increase, political efficacy increases as well. We now go back to the comparisons between segregation and economic status among Blacks. The trend exhibits a very high correlation between being segregated and being of low economic status among Blacks, and vice versa (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). The opposite goes to Whites, the more they are in less contact with Blacks, the higher their economic status is (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 20). From here, we may deduce that in non-segregated areas where Whites interact more with Blacks, it seems that Whites are less productive or work-oriented. Intuitively, we can sense the concept of power-play between Blacks and Whites. And based on these assumptions, we can now introduce another factor into the matter of political efficacy among Blacks – the concept of institutional inequality. In this matter of institutional inequality, we may find that non-Blacks has the need to be segregated from and dominant over Blacks for social and economic efficiency, as supported by Ananat and Washington’s study. In the point of view of Black’s, this is very apparent and the effect to their economic actions has been proven. In metro areas where there are more job and income opportunities, it has been found that these are also the places where Blacks are the minority of the population (Ananat and Washington 2006, p. 4). This play of domination is not just in the context of the working office. In further studies, it seems that these trends have rooted from the pillars of the social community; more specifically from the childhood environment. In the findings of Kardiner and Ovesey (1951), it is significantly seen that Black children have negative evaluation of themselves, thus giving room for the concept of inequality. The more alarming idea in this study is that these children tend to start having cynicism tendencies at these young ages (Lyons 1970, p. 290). At these stages, studies have concluded that Black children derive their self-esteem by blaming the system or the government itself (McCarthy and Yancey 1971). These statements are supported by Hughes’ tests wherein the self-efficacy of these children; which is defined as competence and self-control; significantly scores lower than non-Black children. Relating this to political efficacy, we may find that this institutional inequality really does exist in the community. This then causes economic drops in the status of Black adults, and at the same time, develops the tendencies of children for political cynicism. Having laid all these factors into the way, this leads nowhere else but to the decreased political efficacy among Blacks. CONCLUSION   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Political efficacy among Blacks is not simply a matter of societal chance and thinking; it has a more complicated nature wherein a number of factors constantly defy and support each other. Although there are already numerous studies concerning the political efficacy in Blacks, it is found that there may be points and arguments that need more detail and attention; and some may even be misinterpreted and incorrect. The interrelation between segregation and political efficacy, though thoroughly studied and measured, in the end is found to have no direct link after all. However, having a direct effect on economic status (segregated areas have lower economic use for Blacks), segregation is still a factor in this matter. Economic downfall (measured by poverty rates), turns out to be a good reason and explanation of being less efficacious. On the other hand, the concept of political cynicism has; no doubt; the most understandable direct relation with political efficacy in Blacks. Simply from its definition of opposition to the government, political inefficacy increase along with levels of cynicism. Institutional inequality, by being present in a number of ways, has a lot of bearing in the status of Blacks. Its evident effect in economic status is proven by giving more financial advantage to the dominating race or group. And in turn, having deflected economic outcomes, affects political efficacy of Blacks. Not only that, these imbalance in equality is a basis of varying self-esteem. obviously, those of the dominating class will have higher self-esteem than the â€Å"lower class†, which in this case are the Blacks. The status of Blacks in the community; though it may be ignored and jeopardized; is still should be of concern to each and everyone. Although this study of literature and points of different authors about political efficacy is not a substitute in solving the problem stated, I hope to lighten and broaden the points by trying to look in different perspectives in the hopes of clearing out conflicts that may be or is already there. Having scanned and analyzed the articles concerning political efficacy among Blacks, I also have done my part in further strengthening their arguments; and if needed; also try to clarify and correct some inconsistencies and conflicts for intellectual purposes. But most of all, this paper is intended for readers to understand the situation and thinking of fellow Blacks, so that in the future we may have a deeper knowledge and consideration in our actions as to how it may affect each and every one of us.   References Ananat, Elizabeth O. and Washington, Ebonya. 2006. â€Å"Segregation and Black Political Efficacy.† New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Hughes, M. a. D. H. D. 1989. Self-Perceptions of Black Americans: Self-Esteem and Personal Efficacy. The American Journal of Sociology 95(1):132–159. Kardiner, A., and Ovesey, L. 1951. The Mark of Oppression. New York: Norton. Lyons, S. 1970. â€Å"The Political Socialization of Ghetto Children: Efficacy and cynicism.† Journal of Politics 32: 288-304. McCarthy, J. and W. L. Yancey. 1971. Reply to Washington by McCarthy and Yancey. American Journal of Sociology. 77: 590. Schneider, Daniel. â€Å"Extending Political Efficacy: Voters Perceptions of Efficacy of Elected Officials.† June 2006. http://www.stanford.edu/~danielsc/prop_nes_pilot_2006.pdf (November 30, 2007). Wikipedia. â€Å"Racial segregation.† December 3, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racial_segregation (December 3, 2007). Wikipedia. â€Å"Cynicism.† November 30, 2007. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynicism (December 3, 2007). Woodly, Deva. â€Å"Black Youth Book Project: Political Efficacy Literature Review.† http://blackyouthproject.uchicago.edu/primers/reviews/efficacy.pdf (November 30, 2007).   

Breast Feeding Should Not Be Done Public While Others...

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